How does foreclosure work?
- English
- Español
Foreclosure processes differ by state. They are generally done in two ways. If done by filing a lawsuit, it is called "judicial foreclosure." In some states, the lender can foreclose without going to court, and that is called "non-judicial foreclosure." State foreclosure processes require that the borrower(s) be notified regarding the foreclosure proceedings. There are also other federal rules that may apply.
Foreclosure is when the lender takes action to satisfy the homeowner’s debt out of the sale of collateral (the homeowner’s property) when the homeowner fails to make payments on a mortgage. Foreclosure processes differ by state.
Typically, if you fall a few months behind on your mortgage payments, the foreclosure process may begin (although the process can begin earlier or later). Don't wait for the foreclosure process to begin. Reach out for help as soon as you think you might have trouble paying your mortgage.
The foreclosure process generally may proceed in one of these ways depending on your state:
- Judicial foreclosure. This requires that the process go through a court where the borrower can raise defenses.
- Non-judicial foreclosure. This is done without filing a court action and is carried out by a series of steps, including required written notices under a "power of sale" clause in the mortgage or deed of trust.
The laws generally provide that certain notices and procedures will be followed. After that occurs, a public auction of your property generally will be held. Prospective buyers, including your lender, will appear at the sale, and the property will be sold to the highest bidder. Additional state laws generally will set forth the process for consummating and conveying your property to the bidder (which would be the lender if it was the highest bidder) and describe additional steps and procedures that must be followed. Some states may also provide you with the right to mediation prior to foreclosure. Be sure to read your mail and any legal notices carefully and act promptly on notices you receive.
If you are having trouble paying your mortgage, you may have options.
You can use the CFPB's "Find a Counselor" tool to get a list of counseling agencies in your area that are approved by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). You can also call the HOPE™ Hotline, open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, at (888) 995-HOPE (4673).
If you’re facing foreclosure or have been served with legal papers, you may also need to consult an attorney.
Military members or veterans can call the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) or visit the VA’s home loan website to get personalized assistance. Military members may also contact their local JAG office for more information. To find your JAG Legal Assistance Office, use the locator .